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sheets : Balance sheet and Income statement¶
The lino_xl.lib.sheets plugin adds an annual financial report: three
types of account balances (general, partner and analytical) as well as the
Balance sheet and the Income statement.
You should have read ledger: General accounting before reading this document.
This page is a tested document and the following instructions are used for initialization:
>>> from lino import startup
>>> startup('lino_book.projects.lydia.settings.demo')
>>> from lino.api.doctest import *
>>> ses = rt.login("robin")
>>> translation.activate('en')
>>> from lino_xl.lib.ledger.choicelists import DC
Vocabulary¶
- asset¶
Anything of value that you own and that can be expressed as a monetary value. For example the money in your cash drawer, a positive balance on your bank account, a computer, a car, a house,
An asset might generate revenue, or you might benefit in some way from owning or using the asset.
- liability¶
An amount of money that you owe to somebody else.
- revenue¶
The money you get for your business activity, e.g. for the sale of your products and services.
- expense¶
The cost of doing business. For example the rent you pay for your office room, the salaries you pay to your employees, office supplies and coffee you consume while working, ...
- capital¶
The money given to your business by your investors.
- ownership equity¶
The amount of the business assets owned by the business owner.
The Accounting Equation¶
The basic Accounting Equation states:
Assets = Liabilities + Capital
And the expanded accounting equation is:
Assets + Expenses = Liabilities + Equity + Revenue
Accounts on the left side of the equation (Assets and Expenses) are
normally DEBITed and have DEBIT balances. That's what the dc attribute means:
>>> print(sheets.CommonItems.assets.dc)
Debit
>>> print(sheets.CommonItems.expenses.dc)
Debit
Wikipedia gives a Summary table of standard increasing and decreasing attributes for the five accounting elements:
ACCOUNT TYPE |
DEBIT |
CREDIT |
|---|---|---|
Asset |
+ |
− |
Liability |
− |
+ |
Income |
− |
+ |
Expense |
+ |
− |
Equity |
− |
+ |
The equivalent in Lino is:
>>> for t in sheets.CommonItems.get_list_items():
...
... if len(t.value) <= 2:
... print("%-2s|%-15s|%-6s" % (t.value, t, t.dc))
1 |Assets |Debit
10|Current assets |Debit
11|Non-current assets|Debit
2 |Passiva |Credit
20|Liabilities |Credit
21|Own capital |Credit
4 |Commercial assets & liabilities|Credit
5 |Financial assets & liabilities|Credit
6 |Expenses |Debit
60|Operation costs|Debit
62|Wages |Debit
7 |Revenues |Credit
TODO: the following tests aren't yet very meaningful, we must first automatically generate the profit/loss booking (#3476) so that the expenses and revenues are balanced.
>>> rpt = sheets.Report.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> def getval(ci):
... try:
... e = sheets.ItemEntry.objects.get(report=rpt, item=ci.get_object())
... except sheets.ItemEntry.DoesNotExist:
... return 0
... return e.new_balance().value(e.item.dc)
>>> assets = getval(sheets.CommonItems.assets)
>>> liabilities = getval(sheets.CommonItems.liabilities)
>>> capital = getval(sheets.CommonItems.capital)
>>> passiva = getval(sheets.CommonItems.passiva)
>>> expenses = getval(sheets.CommonItems.expenses)
>>> revenues = getval(sheets.CommonItems.revenues)
>>> print(assets)
19098.93
>>> print(liabilities)
5572.28
>>> print(capital)
-9354.40
>>> print(liabilities+capital)
13836.75
>>> print(passiva)
13836.75
>>> print(expenses)
26115.45
>>> print(revenues)
24518.54
Types of accounting sheets¶
- balance sheet¶
A summary of the financial balances of an organisation. Also called a statement of financial position.
Assets, liabilities and ownership equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. A balance sheet is often described as a "snapshot of a company's financial condition". Of the four basic financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement that applies to a single point in time of a business' calendar year.
A standard company balance sheet has three parts: assets, liabilities and ownership equity. The main categories of assets are usually listed first, and typically in order of liquidity. Assets are followed by the liabilities. The difference between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net worth or capital of the company and according to the accounting equation, net worth must equal assets minus liabilities.
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.SheetTypes¶
The global list of sheet types .
>>> rt.show(sheets.SheetTypes, language="en") ... ======= ========= ================== value name text ------- --------- ------------------ B balance Balance sheet R results Income statement ======= ========= ==================
- balance¶
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.CommonItems¶
The global list of common sheet items .
>>> rt.show(sheets.CommonItems, language="en") ... ======= ================= ================================= ================== ======== ===================================== ======== value name text Sheet type D/C Sheet item Mirror ------- ----------------- --------------------------------- ------------------ -------- ------------------------------------- -------- 1 assets Assets Balance sheet Debit (1) Assets 10 Current assets Balance sheet Debit (10) Current assets 1000 customers Customers receivable Balance sheet Debit (1000) Customers receivable 1010 Taxes receivable Balance sheet Debit (1010) Taxes receivable 2010 1020 Cash and cash equivalents Balance sheet Debit (1020) Cash and cash equivalents 2020 1030 Current transfers Balance sheet Debit (1030) Current transfers 2030 1090 Other current assets Balance sheet Debit (1090) Other current assets 2090 11 Non-current assets Balance sheet Debit (11) Non-current assets 2 passiva Passiva Balance sheet Credit (2) Passiva 20 liabilities Liabilities Balance sheet Credit (20) Liabilities 2000 suppliers Suppliers payable Balance sheet Credit (2000) Suppliers payable 2010 taxes Taxes payable Balance sheet Credit (2010) Taxes payable 1010 2020 banks Banks Balance sheet Credit (2020) Banks 1020 2030 transfers Current transfers Balance sheet Credit (2030) Current transfers 1030 2090 other Other liabilities Balance sheet Credit (2090) Other liabilities 1090 21 capital Own capital Balance sheet Credit (21) Own capital 2150 net_income_loss Net income (loss) Balance sheet Credit (2150) Net income (loss) 4 com_ass_lia Commercial assets & liabilities Balance sheet Credit (4) Commercial assets & liabilities 5 fin_ass_lia Financial assets & liabilities Balance sheet Credit (5) Financial assets & liabilities 6 expenses Expenses Income statement Debit (6) Expenses 60 op_costs Operation costs Income statement Debit (60) Operation costs 6000 costofsales Cost of sales Income statement Debit (6000) Cost of sales 6010 operating Operating expenses Income statement Debit (6010) Operating expenses 6020 otherexpenses Other expenses Income statement Debit (6020) Other expenses 62 wages Wages Income statement Debit (62) Wages 6900 net_income Net income Income statement Debit (6900) Net income 7900 7 revenues Revenues Income statement Credit (7) Revenues 7000 sales Net sales Income statement Credit (7000) Net sales 7900 net_loss Net loss Income statement Credit (7900) Net loss 6900 ======= ================= ================================= ================== ======== ===================================== ========
Every item of this list is an instance of
CommonItem.
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.Item¶
In this table the user can configure their local list of items for both sheet types.
The default table is populated from
CommonItems.>>> rt.show(sheets.Items, language="en") ... =========== ================================= =================================================== ================================= ================== =================== ================================= Reference Designation Designation (de) Designation (fr) Sheet type Booking direction Common sheet item ----------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------- --------------------------------- 1 Assets Vermögen Actifs Balance sheet Debit Assets 10 Current assets Umlaufvermögen Current assets Balance sheet Debit Current assets 1000 Customers receivable Customers receivable Customers receivable Balance sheet Debit Customers receivable 1010 Taxes receivable Taxes receivable Taxes receivable Balance sheet Debit Taxes receivable 1020 Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents Balance sheet Debit Cash and cash equivalents 1030 Current transfers Current transfers Current transfers Balance sheet Debit Current transfers 1090 Other current assets Sonstige kurzfristige Vermögenswerte Other current assets Balance sheet Debit Other current assets 11 Non-current assets Langfristige Vermögenswerte Non-current assets Balance sheet Debit Non-current assets 2 Passiva Russland Passiva Balance sheet Credit Passiva 20 Liabilities Verpflichtungen Passifs Balance sheet Credit Liabilities 2000 Suppliers payable Lieferanten zahlbar Suppliers payable Balance sheet Credit Suppliers payable 2010 Taxes payable Taxes payable Taxes payable Balance sheet Credit Taxes payable 2020 Banks Banken Banks Balance sheet Credit Banks 2030 Current transfers Current transfers Current transfers Balance sheet Credit Current transfers 2090 Other liabilities Sonstige Verbindlichkeiten Other liabilities Balance sheet Credit Other liabilities 21 Own capital Eigenkapital Own capital Balance sheet Credit Own capital 2150 Net income (loss) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) Balance sheet Credit Net income (loss) 4 Commercial assets & liabilities Kommerzielle Vermögenswerte und Verbindlichkeiten Commercial assets & liabilities Balance sheet Credit Commercial assets & liabilities 5 Financial assets & liabilities Finanzielle Vermögenswerte und Verbindlichkeiten Financial assets & liabilities Balance sheet Credit Financial assets & liabilities 6 Expenses Ausgaben Dépenses Income statement Debit Expenses 60 Operation costs Diplome Operation costs Income statement Debit Operation costs 6000 Cost of sales Cost of sales Cost of sales Income statement Debit Cost of sales 6010 Operating expenses Betriebliche Aufwendungen Operating expenses Income statement Debit Operating expenses 6020 Other expenses Sonstige Auslagen Other expenses Income statement Debit Other expenses 62 Wages Löhne und Gehälter Salaires Income statement Debit Wages 6900 Net income Net income Net income Income statement Debit Net income 7 Revenues Einnahmen Revenus Income statement Credit Revenues 7000 Net sales Net sales Net sales Income statement Credit Net sales 7900 Net loss Net loss Net loss Income statement Credit Net loss =========== ================================= =================================================== ================================= ================== =================== =================================
In the demo database this list is an unchanged copy of
CommonItems.
The Accounting Report¶
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.Report¶
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.AccountEntry¶
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.PartnerEntry¶
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.AnaAccountEntry¶
- class lino_xl.lib.sheets.ItemEntry¶
An entry is the computed value of given item for a given report.
>>> rpt = sheets.Report.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> print(rpt.start_period)
2015-01
>>> print(rpt.end_period)
2015-12
>>> rpt.run_update_plan(rt.login('robin')) # temporary 20200927
>>> rt.show(sheets.ResultsEntriesByReport, rpt)
========================= =========== ==========
Description Expenses Revenues
------------------------- ----------- ----------
**6 Expenses** 26 115,45
** 60 Operation costs** 26 115,45
6000 Cost of sales 6 285,79
6010 Operating expenses 16 261,89
6020 Other expenses 3 567,77
**7 Revenues** 9 950,00
7000 Net sales 9 950,00
========================= =========== ==========
>>> ses = rt.login("robin")
>>> ses.show_story(rpt.get_story(ses), header_level=2)
...
------------------------
General account balances
------------------------
============================== ================ =============== =============== ===============
Account Balance before Debit Credit Balance after
------------------------------ ---------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
4000 Customers 0.00 CR 10 069,20 7 621,80 2447.40 DB
4100 Suppliers 0.00 CR 22 332,12 27 904,40 5572.28 CR
4300 Pending Payment Orders 0.00 CR 22 448,65 22 448,65 0 CR
4500 Tax Offices 0.00 CR 116,53 116,53 0 CR
4510 VAT due 0.00 CR 116,53 170,39 53.86 CR
4520 VAT deductible 0.00 CR 1 899,34 1899.34 DB
5500 BestBank 0.00 CR 14 846,05 40,00 14806.05 DB
6010 Purchase of services 0.00 CR 16 261,89 16261.89 DB
6020 Purchase of investments 0.00 CR 3 567,77 3567.77 DB
6040 Purchase of goods 0.00 CR 6 285,79 6285.79 DB
7000 Sales 0.00 CR 4 600,00 4600.00 CR
7010 Sales on therapies 0.00 CR 5 350,00 5350.00 CR
**Total (12 rows)** **97 943,87** **68 251,77**
============================== ================ =============== =============== ===============
--------------------------
Analytic accounts balances
--------------------------
====================== ================ =============== ======== ===============
Account Balance before Debit Credit Balance after
---------------------- ---------------- --------------- -------- ---------------
1100 Wages 0.00 CR 531,36 531.36 DB
1200 Transport 0.00 CR 1 434,63 1434.63 DB
1300 Training 0.00 CR 3 128,42 3128.42 DB
1400 Other costs 0.00 CR 650,08 650.08 DB
2100 Secretary wages 0.00 CR 1 520,72 1520.72 DB
2110 Manager wages 0.00 CR 4 336,29 4336.29 DB
2200 Transport 0.00 CR 3 671,17 3671.17 DB
2300 Training 0.00 CR 552,64 552.64 DB
3000 Investment 0.00 CR 1 200,31 1200.31 DB
4100 Wages 0.00 CR 3 555,20 3555.20 DB
4200 Transport 0.00 CR 481,78 481.78 DB
4300 Training 0.00 CR 501,50 501.50 DB
5100 Wages 0.00 CR 1 359,79 1359.79 DB
5200 Transport 0.00 CR 2 942,07 2942.07 DB
5300 Other costs 0.00 CR 249,49 249.49 DB
**Total (15 rows)** **26 115,45**
====================== ================ =============== ======== ===============
------------------------
Partner balances (Sales)
------------------------
================================================ ================ =============== ============== ===============
Partner Balance before Debit Credit Balance after
------------------------------------------------ ---------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
`Altenberg Hans <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 745,00 745,00 0 CR
`Arens Andreas <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 265,00 265,00 0 CR
`Arens Annette <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 510,00 510,00 0 CR
`Ausdemwald Alfons <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 440,00 419,00 21.00 DB
`Auto École Verte <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 480,00 489,60 9.60 CR
`Bastiaensen Laurent <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 500,00 500,00 0 CR
`Bernd Brechts Bücherladen <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 605,00 605,00 0 CR
`Bäckerei Ausdemwald <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 469,20 469,20 0 CR
`Bäckerei Mießen <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 605,00 605,00 0 CR
`Bäckerei Schmitz <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 120,00 120,00 0 CR
`Chantraine Marc <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 635,00 30,00 605.00 DB
`Charlier Ulrike <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 490,00 30,00 460.00 DB
`Collard Charlotte <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 255,00 30,00 225.00 DB
`Demeulenaere Dorothée <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 950,00 50,00 900.00 DB
`Denon Denis <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 90,00 90,00 0 CR
`Dericum Daniel <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 120,00 120.00 DB
`Dobbelstein-Demeulenaere Dorothée <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 30,00 30,00 0 CR
`Donderweer BV <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 489,60 489,60 0 CR
`Emonts Erich <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 20,00 20,00 0 CR
`Emontspool Erwin <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 30,00 30,00 0 CR
`Garage Mergelsberg <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 420,00 420,00 0 CR
`Groteclaes Gregory <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 20,00 20,00 0 CR
`Hans Flott & Co <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 460,00 460,00 0 CR
`Hilgers Henri <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 30,00 30,00 0 CR
`Jonas Josef <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 20,40 20,40 0 CR
`Kaivers Karl <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 30,00 30,00 0 CR
`Leffin Electronics <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 100,00 100,00 0 CR
`Malmendier Marc <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 20,00 20,00 0 CR
`Martelaer Mark <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 30,00 30,00 0 CR
`Moulin Rouge <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 420,00 294,00 126.00 DB
`Radermacher Daniela <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 20,00 20,00 0 CR
`Radermacher Edgard <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 30,00 30,00 0 CR
`Radermecker Rik <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 20,00 20,00 0 CR
`Reinhards Baumschule <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 120,00 120,00 0 CR
`Rumma & Ko OÜ <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 225,00 225,00 0 CR
`Van Achter NV <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 225,00 225,00 0 CR
`da Vinci David <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 30,00 30,00 0 CR
**Total (37 rows)** **10 069,20** **7 621,80**
================================================ ================ =============== ============== ===============
----------------------------
Partner balances (Purchases)
----------------------------
=============================================== ================ =============== =============== ===============
Partner Balance before Debit Credit Balance after
----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
`Bäckerei Ausdemwald <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 568,80 709,00 140.20 CR
`Bäckerei Mießen <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 2 407,80 3 010,00 602.20 CR
`Bäckerei Schmitz <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 4 802,60 6 005,00 1202.40 CR
`Donderweer BV <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 567,00 709,00 142.00 CR
`Garage Mergelsberg <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 12 970,32 16 210,90 3240.58 CR
`Rumma & Ko OÜ <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 163,00 205,50 42.50 CR
`Tough Thorough Thought Therapies <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 50,00 50,00 0 CR
`Van Achter NV <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 802,60 1 005,00 202.40 CR
**Total (8 rows)** **22 332,12** **27 904,40**
=============================================== ================ =============== =============== ===============
------------------------
Partner balances (Wages)
------------------------
No data to display
------------------------
Partner balances (Taxes)
------------------------
=============================================== ================ ============ ============ ===============
Partner Balance before Debit Credit Balance after
----------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------
`Mehrwertsteuer-Kontrollamt Eupen <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 116,53 116,53 0 CR
**Total (1 rows)** **116,53** **116,53**
=============================================== ================ ============ ============ ===============
----------------------------
Partner balances (Clearings)
----------------------------
No data to display
--------------------------------------
Partner balances (Bank payment orders)
--------------------------------------
======================= ================ =============== =============== ===============
Partner Balance before Debit Credit Balance after
----------------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
`Bestbank <Detail>`__ 0.00 CR 22 448,65 22 448,65 0 CR
**Total (1 rows)** **22 448,65** **22 448,65**
======================= ================ =============== =============== ===============
-------------
Balance sheet
-------------
================================ ========== ===========
Description Activa Passiva
-------------------------------- ---------- -----------
**1 Assets** 19 098,93
** 10 Current assets** 19 098,93
1000 Customers receivable 2 447,40
1010 Taxes receivable 1 845,48
1020 Cash and cash equivalents 14 806,05
**2 Passiva** 5 572,28
** 20 Liabilities** 5 572,28
2000 Suppliers payable 5 572,28
2030 Current transfers
================================ ========== ===========
----------------
Income statement
----------------
========================= =========== ==========
Description Expenses Revenues
------------------------- ----------- ----------
**6 Expenses** 26 115,45
** 60 Operation costs** 26 115,45
6000 Cost of sales 6 285,79
6010 Operating expenses 16 261,89
6020 Other expenses 3 567,77
**7 Revenues** 9 950,00
7000 Net sales 9 950,00
========================= =========== ==========
TODO¶
The Belgian and French PCMN has 7+1 top-level accounts:
CLASSE 0 : Droits & engagements hors bilanCLASSE 1 : Fonds propres, provisions pour risques & charges et Dettes à plus d'un anCLASSE 2 : Frais d'établissement, actifs immobilisés et créances à plus d'un anCLASSE 3 : Stock & commandes en cours d'exécution | CLASSE 4 : Créances et dettes à un an au plus | CLASSE 5 : Placements de trésorerie et valeurs disponibles | CLASSE 6 : Charges | CLASSE 7 : Produitsexplain the differences and how to solve this.
See also
A Liability is Capital acquired from others. Both together is what French accountants call passif.
The accounting equation "Assets = Liabilities + Capital" in French is simply:
Actif = Passif
I found an excellent definition of these two terms at plancomptable.com:
Un actif est un élément identifiable du patrimoine ayant une valeur économique positive pour l’entité, c’est-à-dire un élément générant une ressource que l’entité contrôle du fait d’événements passés et dont elle attend des avantages économiques futurs.
Un passif est un élément du patrimoine ayant une valeur économique négative pour l'entité, c'est-à-dire une obligation de l'entité à l'égard d'un tiers dont il est probable ou certain qu'elle provoquera une sortie des ressources au bénéfice de ce tiers, sans contrepartie au moins équivalente attendue de celui-ci.
Some vocabulary
Provisions pour risques et charges : Gesetzliche Rücklagen.
Créances et dettes : Kredite, Anleihen, Schulden.
The template of the report¶
- ledger/Report/default.weasy.html¶
Uses the method
ar.show_story
Don't read me¶
>>> t = rt.models.sheets.BalanceEntriesByReport
>>> th = t.get_handle()
>>> th
<lino.core.tables.TableHandle object at ...>
>>> ll = th.get_list_layout()
>>> ll.layout._datasource is t
True
>>> cols = th.get_columns()
>>> el = cols[0]
>>> print(el.field.name)
description
>>> print(el.name)
description
>>> print(el.width)
40
>>> el.preferred_width
30
>>> th = rt.models.sheets.Items.get_handle()
>>> cols = th.get_columns()
>>> el = cols[0]
>>> print(el.field.name)
ref
>>> print(el.width)
4
>>> el.preferred_width
21
TODO: the preferred_width of the ref field should be 4, not 21.
It is a lino.mixins.ref.StructuredReferrable
with ref_max_length set to 4.